Category: Home Improvement

Home Improvement

How Siding Repair Can Enhance the Beauty of Your Home

Sylvia Rangel

Siding Repair is a transformative process that can enhance the beauty of your home. It can also protect your investment and prevent costly repairs down the road.

A professional can repair minor cracks and holes using vinyl patch kits and caulk. This method is quick and easy. It can be done in a matter of minutes.

Whether caused by storms or simply the natural wear and tear of your siding, cracks in wood siding are a common problem. They can weaken the structure of your home and lead to further problems if not addressed early on. You can often fix cracks in wood siding yourself with a few simple tools. However, if the damage is extensive, you may need to call professional professionals.

You can use a caulking gun to apply a bead of waterproof caulk around the damaged area for small divots and holes less than an inch in size. You can then smooth the caulk with a putty knife and wait for it to dry. Afterward, you can paint over the repair to help it blend in with the surrounding siding.

If the crack is larger, you’ll need to remove it and inspect it. You may discover that the crack is due to poorly installed building paper and flashings or that insects are causing the damage. In either case, you’ll need to consult a professional contractor to make the proper repairs and prevent further problems.

You can also attempt to repair a cracked piece of vinyl siding yourself. First, mix a mild detergent solution in clean water and dampen a cloth with it. Clean the cracked surface of your siding, being careful not to get any solution on uncracked areas of your siding. Then, rinse the surface of your siding to remove any soap solution that may have accumulated.

Once the crack is cleaned, you can fill it using exterior filler, such as DAP Platinum Patch Advanced Exterior Filler. Stir the filler before applying it to the damaged area and use a plastic putty knife to spread it out. After it dries, sand the patched area lightly with 220-grit paper. Finally, wipe the patch clean and prime it with Zinsser Bulls Eye 1-2-3 Primer.

When you’re ready to replace the damaged panel, you’ll need to cut a new piece of vinyl. Measure the length and width of the damaged panel to ensure that the replacement will be a perfect fit. Then, cut a new panel that’s four inches wider than the existing one to allow for proper overlap.

Holes

Holes in siding aren’t just unsightly, but they also let moisture leak into your walls, which can lead to rot and other problems. Luckily, most holes can be repaired with a bit of caulk and paint.

Before you start, make sure the area around the hole is clean. Use a damp cloth or brush to remove any dirt or loose debris, as this will help ensure the patch adheres properly. Also, make sure you’re using high-quality products meant for this purpose. Low-grade materials could wear out quickly or look cheap.

For small divots and holes less than an inch in size, you can usually repair them in a matter of minutes by simply loading a caulking gun with waterproof caulk and applying a small bead to the damaged area. Then smooth it out with a putty knife and wait for it to dry before painting the siding to match.

To fix larger holes or cracks, you’ll need to use a vinyl siding patch kit. These kits include instructions, so follow them closely to ensure the patch adheres properly and blends in with the surrounding vinyl. You’ll want to ensure the patch is completely dry before you attempt to paint it, as this will help it last longer and keep the moisture out of your home.

If you’re unable to repair a hole or crack on your own, a professional can help. They’ll carefully trim any grass or bushes near the affected area and remove any items in the way of easy access to your walls. This will prevent damage to your belongings or the wall itself and allow the crew to work more efficiently.

If you have damaged siding, it’s important to get it repaired as soon as possible. It prolongs the lifespan of your siding, helps prevent pest infestations, and can even save you money on insurance costs. Plus, keeping your siding in good condition adds to the curb appeal of your home and maintains its value. So if you’re seeing signs of cracks or other damage, contact us today! We can provide you with an estimate and start making your siding look brand new again.

Rotting

Wood rot happens when your siding’s under layer becomes saturated with moisture, causing the wood fibers to break down. When the problem is left untreated, it can lead to serious damage and even structural damage to your home.

Rotting is most commonly caused by excessive moisture in the home, but can also be the result of a poorly designed roof or gutter system, overflowing rain gutters, clogged gutter downspouts, and more. In some cases, bushes and other landscaping come into contact with your home’s siding, which traps the moisture against it and allows the rot to progress slowly over time.

If you notice your siding is warped, distorted, or damaged in any other way, it’s important to have the area professionally inspected by a siding expert right away. This helps to ensure that the problem is addressed quickly before it becomes more costly and time consuming to repair.

In many cases, a small section of the affected wood can be repaired with a simple patch job and a wood preservative. However, it’s best to have a professional inspect the affected area and determine if the entire board needs to be replaced or if the existing wood can be salvaged.

Once the damaged area has been patched, you’ll need to apply a wood preservative to the exposed areas of the wood to slow down further decay and keep moisture from seeping into the rest of your siding. Once this has dried, you can sand the patch and apply fresh paint or stain to match your existing color.

It’s important to have your siding inspected regularly, particularly in spring and fall or after severe weather hits. Regular inspections can help catch problems before they become more costly to repair, and prevent them from occurring in the first place. Make sure to look for signs of moisture penetration, such as rotting, mold, or bubbling paint, and remember to clean and caulk frequently to extend the lifespan of your siding.

Water Damage

In addition to the more visible cracks and holes, homeowners should look for signs of water damage that aren’t immediately apparent. Paint that bubbles or peels is often a sign of moisture buildup, as is wallpaper that starts to wrinkle or lift. The same goes for soft drywall, which suggests that the walls have been absorbing moisture for some time and may also be impacting insulation and framing behind it.

Another sign of moisture infiltration is the presence of mildew or mold. If spotted early, these issues can be remedied with a thorough cleaning and a good coat of paint, but it’s best to hire a professional if the damage is extensive or if you suspect that the mold or mildew are spreading to other areas of your home.

When water damage is left unchecked, it can lead to rot and other structural problems that will require expensive replacement. It’s important to check siding for these warning signs on a regular basis, especially after severe weather. This will give you an opportunity to repair the problem before it becomes a major project that could cost thousands of dollars.

The first step in repairing siding is to gather the necessary tools and materials. These might include a pry bar, hammer, nails, utility knife, and measuring tape. You’ll also need vinyl patch kits, replacement siding boards, caulking, and color-matching exterior paint. Once you’ve gathered all of the materials, remove any old pieces of siding from the area and dispose of them properly.

Start by gently lifting the edges of the damaged section and loosening the nails. If you notice that the nails are sunken or protruding, this means that the siding has absorbed moisture and has started to swell.

Once the nails are removed, carefully pry the piece of siding away from the house and cut a new replacement from the patch kit. Be sure to measure the piece of replacement siding before cutting it so that it is the exact size and shape of the damaged section. Once the replacement piece is in place, nail it down with a hammer and galvanized nails.

Home Improvement

The Importance of Roof Repairs

Sylvia Rangel

A roof is the top covering of a building that protects against rain, snow, sunlight, and temperature extremes. Roofing also provides insulation and structural support.

Historically, roofs have been constructed in various materials, from banana leaves and wheat straw to glazed ceramic tiles. Today, most roofs are covered with single-membrane systems such as EPDM rubber, Hypalon, or PVC.

The type of roofing material you choose has a significant impact on the appearance and durability of your roof. It also affects the cost, energy efficiency and longevity of your roof.

The earliest roofing materials were combinations of leaves and sticks that were layered onto sloped timbers to shed water. Over time we learned to make more durable, water and fire resistant roofing materials like clay tiles and slate shingles. These more advanced materials were heavy and required specialized framing that could support their weight.

Asphalt shingles are the most common roofing material and offer a good balance between initial cost and performance. They are available in multiple styles and colors to complement most architectural styles. Some even mimic the look of other types of roofing materials like cedar shakes or slate. Composition shingle manufacturers also use recycled materials in their production, which can help the environment.

Membrane roofing is a waterproof solution for flat and low-sloped roof areas. It uses either durable ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) or thermoplastic sheets to create a watertight barrier on your roof. It is very common in commercial buildings, but you may also see it on some residential roofs and as a layer beneath a green roof.

Tile roofs can add a beautiful Mediterranean look to your home. They are molded and fired for durability and can be designed to lay flat or follow a wavy pattern. They are also very water and sun resistant. Slate is a very durable roofing material that can last for centuries. It is naturally fire resistant and offers excellent resistance to wind and hail.

A roof made of green plants is called a “living roof.” These are becoming more popular because they reduce stormwater runoff, improve insulation and provide clean oxygen to the air. They are also attractive and aesthetically pleasing, although they can be difficult to maintain if you live in an area with extreme weather conditions.

Installation

A roof is the top covering of a building, protecting it from rain, snow, sunlight, and extreme temperatures. It also provides insulation and enhances its structural integrity and aesthetic appeal. The roof can be constructed in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials, depending on the design requirements of the structure.

Roof installation is a multi-phase process that includes removing the existing roof, preparing and installing the underlayment, and then applying the new shingles. It’s important to use the right tools for each phase of the project to ensure the safety and quality of work. Some of the key tools include:

During the installation process, it is also necessary to waterproof the valleys, which are the areas where the slopes meet and form a “V” shape. This is done by using the appropriate waterproofing product to seal any exposed edges. It’s also important to cover any open drains to prevent small pieces of debris from blocking them.

The cleanup phase of roofing involves hauling away old materials, cleaning up debris, and restoring the property to its original condition. The cleanup process can be made easier by using protective tarps to keep debris contained, by following local waste disposal rules, and by covering any plants or shrubs that may get contaminated with roofing material. This will help to protect them and prevent unnecessary expenses down the road. The cleanup process can be a time-consuming and tedious task, but it is essential to the success of any roofing job. It’s important to hire a professional to do the cleanup work, as it can be hazardous for untrained individuals to undertake.

Maintenance

A roof is a vital component of any building that protects its interior from rain, snow, wind and sunlight. It also provides insulation and supports the structure. A properly constructed and maintained roofing system can last for decades. Regular inspection and maintenance procedures can help keep the roof in good condition. These procedures should be performed by a trained roofer on a routine basis, preferably twice a year, or at least once each spring and fall in geographic areas with extreme weather conditions. Detecting and repairing problems during these inspections can save money in the long run by keeping small, easily repairable issues from escalating into costly, major roof repairs.

Routine roof inspections should include an examination of all roof surfaces for excessive wear or damage, signs of leaks, deterioration of shingles and caulking and moss growth. Inspect the flashing around chimneys and vent pipes, and note any areas where caulking is deteriorating or lifting up. Look for open joints, cracks or crazing of the sealant and for shingle tabs that are missing.

Also inspect for debris accumulation that can clog roof drains or prevent water from flowing off the roof. Check the gutters for blockages, and make sure all downspouts are unobstructed. Examine the trusses and beams for any signs of stress or damage. Look for rust on metal roofs and rot on wood roofs.

Trim any tree limbs that are hanging over the roof and may be prone to falling during heavy storms. This will prevent damage to the roof from flying debris as well as reduce the potential for damage to other components of the structure due to wind and hail. Finally, make sure all walkways and ladders are in safe working condition. Any safety hazards should be addressed immediately, especially if there is electrical equipment, dangerous chemicals or extremely hot pipes or equipment on the rooftop.

Repairs

Many roofing repairs involve re-bent flashing or sealing cracks and holes. Re-bent flashing is done by removing the old piece and using it as a template for the new one, then cutting, bending, and nailing it in place. For cracks and holes, a roofer can use a caulking gun to apply sealant, or roofing cement, which is thicker and can even be used to encase a piece of flashing.

Roofing tools include a sturdy ladder, shears for cutting shingles, a pry bar, and a nail puller. Roofing nails are different than those used for wood or siding, and they’re longer to allow them to penetrate deeper into the sheathing or decking.

Unlike replacing a room in your home or giving your cabinets a fresh coat of paint, repairing or re-roofing your roof requires considerable time and labor. The re-roofing process is more expensive than simply repairing leaks or replacing a few shingles, and it can also void the warranty on the shingles you install. This can result in a higher cost per square foot for re-roofing, so this project should be carefully considered before going ahead with it.

Home Improvement

Is Your Roof Ready For Repair?

Sylvia Rangel

Many things can damage a roof. Whirlwinds, ice storms, squirrels, and even raccoons can cause problems.

The first step in roof repair is visually examining the entire surface. Look for stains, sagging, soft spots, and other signs of water penetration. Also, check for dents on metal roofs and leaky gutters. Contact Roof Repair Erie PA now!

As your roof takes a beating from severe weather, the sun’s UV rays, and just general wear and tear over time, it’s inevitable that some shingles will get damaged. Whether it’s a single dislodged tab or an entire row of damaged shingles, identifying and replacing them quickly will protect the rest of your home.

Typical signs of shingle damage include water stains and leaks. If left unaddressed, these can cause severe interior damage and lead to other problems such as mold and mildew. Shingles can also develop blisters, which allow moisture to be trapped under the surface. In addition, the loss of granules – which shield the shingles from the sun’s damaging UV rays – is another indication that your roof is in need of repair.

Inspecting your roof for shingle damage isn’t an easy task and is best done on a clear day with a good pair of binoculars. Start by removing any debris that has accumulated on your roof, including branches, leaves and other items that can trap moisture. Then, use a ladder to go over your roof and examine each shingle.

Once you’ve identified a damaged shingle, carefully remove it. Loosen the adhesive underneath the tabs of the shingle by sliding a pry bar beneath it, then pull up and discard the shingle. You’ll need to remove the shingle from the row above and below it in order to install the replacement properly.

Before installing a new shingle, apply a small dab of roofing cement to the underside of its edges. This will help to seal it and protect your roof from moisture that may seep through the exposed underside of the shingle.

While a professional roofer can replace your shingles, you can also do the job yourself. Be sure to buy enough replacement shingles at the home repair store so that you can work your way up the roof and replace all of the damaged ones. When you nail a shingle in place, always try to “face nail” it so that the nails aren’t exposed. You’ll also want to replace the nails removed from undamaged shingles and fill the old nail holes with roofing cement.

Flashing

Roof flashing is the thin material, usually galvanized steel, that secures joints in areas where water tends to accumulate. These areas include roof valleys, dormers, chimneys and skylights. It is a common source of leaks and water damage, so it is important for homeowners to know when the flashing needs repair or replacement.

Without flashing, rainwater and melted snow would simply seep into these open areas, which in turn could lead to water damage in the interior of the home. The function of flashing is to prevent these problems by sealing the cracks and crevices around these areas, which is what separates it from regular roofing materials like shingles.

When it comes to flashing, there are several different types, each designed for a specific purpose. A type of flashing commonly used for chimneys and other protrusions is called base flashing, which consists of two sheets of metal that overlap one another and are flexible enough to expand and contract when the roof does. Other types of flashing include drip edge flashing, which is installed along the edges of the roof and helps to direct water into gutters, and valley flashing, which is installed in the valleys where two sloped roof planes meet.

In addition to protecting these vulnerable areas, flashing is also necessary to help prevent water intrusion in other parts of the roof and home. For example, it is common for pipes to penetrate through the roof and walls. To protect these areas, roofers use flashing to create a weatherproof barrier that will keep water out of the building.

If you’re concerned about the flashing in your home, a qualified roofer can inspect it and recommend appropriate repairs. Performing regular inspections and addressing any damage as it occurs will help you avoid expensive roof repairs in the future.

When it’s time to replace your flashing, you can hire a roofing professional or do it yourself (DIY). The first step is removing the old flashing and then preparing the area for the new piece. For instance, if the flashing is covering a corner of the roof, you’ll need to remove a small section of shingle from each side of the flashing before installing the new piece. Then you’ll need to apply roofing cement and nail it in place. Be sure to keep detailed records of the flashing repair, including before-and-after photos, measurements and materials used. This documentation can be useful for reference or warranty claims in the future.

Leaks

When water seeps through a shingle or roof flashing, it can do serious damage. Leaks can ruin walls and ceiling coverings, cause mold and mildew to form, and destroy wood framing and insulation. In addition, water can enter your home’s electrical wiring and short circuit the wires. If you find a leak, it is important to fix the problem right away to prevent further damage and reduce the risk of fire and injury.

One of the most common signs that your roof needs repair is water stains on the ceiling. These stains are typically red, green, yellow, or brown and are caused by the leaks that seep through the ceiling. You may also find damp spots on the walls or notice that furniture, curtains, and other items are damp. If the stains are caused by a roof leak, it is important to repair the problem right away to avoid further damage and to protect your property and health.

Often, the source of a roof leak is a cracked or torn shingle or damaged flashing. This can occur due to storm damage or shoddy workmanship. If the roof flashing has been installed incorrectly, it may not seal properly, or it may have been deteriorated by the sun’s UV rays. If you suspect that the flashing is leaking, it is important to replace the flashing with a new piece and secure it correctly using roofing cement.

If you are unable to locate the source of the leak from inside your home, it is a good idea to get up in your attic or crawl space and take a look around. Make sure to use a flashlight and look for any areas where the attic insulation is soaked or there are signs of water. You should also look for the vapor barrier that separates the drywall and attic insulation, push the insulation aside, and look for flow stains on the plastic. These stains are the areas where water runs to after it leaks through the drywall.

To patch a hole in your roof, you will need a piece of aluminum flashing, roofing cement, and a putty knife. Apply the roofing cement to the area and then place a piece of aluminum flashing on top, making sure it is pressed firmly against the roofing material.

Repair Options

Keeping up with minor repairs keeps your roof in good shape. It also helps you avoid bigger problems down the road, including expensive and time-consuming roof replacements. But how do you know whether or not your roof is ready for some attention? A professional will be able to assess the overall condition of your roofing system and determine which repair option is best.

There are two main repair options: patching and re-roofing. The former involves fixing a small area of damage, such as a hole from hail or a missing shingle. It can also be used for repairing damaged flashing or the areas around chimneys, vents and skylights.

Re-roofing is more involved and generally used when the damage to shingles is extensive or widespread. This involves removing the existing shingles, felt paper, and moisture barrier and replacing them with new ones. It can also involve addressing any other issues that are revealed during the process, such as water damage or deck rot.

In either case, it’s important to address any problems as soon as they arise. Leaking shingles or a few damaged ones aren’t the end of the world, but they should be addressed quickly to avoid further damage and potentially costly repairs down the line.

Another thing to remember is that roof repairs should only be undertaken by experienced and licensed professionals. Working on a roof is inherently dangerous, and it takes a certain level of knowledge and expertise to do the job correctly. Hiring a professional will ensure that the job is done right the first time, saving you money in the long run and avoiding any potential health or safety issues.

Finally, it’s important to keep in mind that the roof is an integral part of any building. It protects us from the elements, whether that’s sun, wind, rain or snow, and without it, our homes wouldn’t be nearly as safe as they are. So, it’s worth the investment to keep up with regular maintenance and repair work, especially as the weather turns harsher. That way, your roof will be around to keep you and your loved ones protected for years to come.

Home Improvement

How to Choose a Window Replacement Contractor

Rupert Everett

Window replacement is a big project and you want to work with a company that is reputable and will be there for support after the job is completed. Ask friends, family and neighbors who have had work done for recommendations.

Window Replacement

Compare the companies’ window styles and materials offered. Aside from vinyl and fiberglass, consider wood as an option if it fits your climate and home aesthetic. Get in touch with Window Replacement Massachusetts for professional support.

The frame material used in window replacement has a significant impact on how your windows perform and look over time. The right material can improve energy efficiency, reduce maintenance needs and upkeep costs, and enhance your home’s design aesthetic. There are four main frame materials available: vinyl, composite (typically fiberglass), clad wood and aluminum. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks, so deciding which is best for your project requires careful consideration of your specific needs.

Affordability and low maintenance requirements are some of the primary reasons homeowners opt for vinyl frames. They are also available in a wide range of colors, styles, and finishes to suit any design aesthetic. Moreover, they provide good insulation and energy efficiency, cutting down on your energy bills over time.

Compared to other frame materials, composite frames are more expensive but offer better durability and energy efficiency. They contain wood, such as particleboard and laminated strand lumber, mixed with polymer plastics to form a stable composite material. Additionally, they are moisture and decay resistant. However, they are not as insulating as other options, so you might need to add a thermal break to enhance their energy performance.

Aluminum is a cost-efficient option but does not insulate well. It transfers heat quickly and can affect indoor comfort, but you can mitigate this issue by adding a thermal break to the frame.

Wood frames have a classic, timeless appeal that can greatly boost your home’s curb appeal. They also have a natural appearance and feel that blends beautifully with any architectural style. Wood is available in a variety of types, including softwoods like pine and fir, as well as hardwoods such as redwood and west African sapele. Regardless of the type, you should choose wood certified by the Forest Stewardship Council to ensure responsible forestry practices.

Glass

Glass is a key component in most windows and doors, bringing light into a room and creating a unique look. It also fulfills many practical requirements like reducing outside noise and blocking harmful UV rays. Glass can be glazed or tinted to improve privacy and style. High-quality glass options can also boost energy efficiency and reduce your utility bills. The type of glass you choose depends on your priorities and needs.

There are six types of window glass, each fulfilling a different purpose and offering different benefits. Float glass, which is a basic piece of clear glass, is the most budget-friendly option. It doesn’t go through any coatings or enhancements, making it simple and cheap. However, it’s very vulnerable to breaking and can shatter into sharp shards. This glass is commonly used in older windows or in outdoor structures. For those who are looking for a stronger, more durable option, tempered glass is the way to go. It goes through a heating and chemical process that makes it about five times as strong as plain float glass. This makes it a great choice for homes near walkways where window damage might be an issue.

Insulated glass is another high-quality option. This window type contains multiple panes of glass with spacer bars between them. Inert gases like argon fill the space between the glass to increase insulation and lower the U-factor of the window. This type of glass is more expensive than float glass, but it will help you save money on your utility bills in the long run.

Some windows have muntins and mullions in between their panes, which is an architectural feature that adds style to a building. These are also known as divided-light windows and offer the benefit of increasing ventilation. In addition to allowing air to circulate in a home, these windows are easy to clean and provide an appealing visual accent to a space. They are also a good choice for large windows or those that face west or south to block harsh sunlight. They can be made with a variety of glass types and coatings, but the best options are low-E and insulated.

Weatherstripping

One of the biggest ways that air can leak in and out of homes is through doors and windows. Draft proofing these areas by using weather stripping can reduce energy costs and make homes more comfortable. There are many types of weather stripping materials available, so homeowners should decide what is best for their needs and climate.

The best type of weather stripping will be able to withstand the friction, temperature changes, wear and tear, and moisture that it will face in its location. For example, weather stripping that is placed under a door bottom or threshold must be able to withstand foot traffic, and it will need to accommodate the up and down motion of doors and the sliding of window sashes. In addition, the weather stripping in a door or window sash should seal well when the window is closed but allow it to open freely.

To determine which area of a home needs weather stripping, there are several different methods for testing drafts and identifying gaps. The dollar bill test, which only requires one person, involves placing a dollar bill between the door jamb and the actual door and then closing it. If the bill easily slides out, it is time for some weather stripping.

Another method is the simple hand-feeling test. This only works on a dry day, but wetting your hands and feeling around the edges of the frame will indicate where there is a leak. Another option is to place a candle next to the frame, and if you can see that the flame flickers, it is time for some weather stripping.

Whether you choose to use the dollar bill test or the candle flickering technique, you will need to clean the area before applying the weather stripping. It is important that the surface is completely dry before installing weather stripping because it will not stick to dirty surfaces and could eventually fall off.

Once the weather stripping is installed, it will protect your investment and improve your home’s efficiency. It is one of the easiest and most useful do-it-yourself projects that you can complete, and it will pay off with lower utility bills and a more comfortable living space.

Installation

A high-quality window replacement will involve a series of steps. During the first consultation and before any construction begins, a contractor should take technical measurements of your existing window opening. These measurements will be used to ensure that your new windows are properly sized for your existing opening. A high-quality installer will measure in multiple spots, typically three or more to get the most accurate and consistent readings.

Often these measurements are taken from the inside of the frame but a good contractor will also measure from the outside to make sure that they are capturing the entire area of the window. This will help to ensure that your new windows are a perfect fit in your existing opening and that you don’t have to worry about any issues with air leakage or water infiltration down the line.

Once the measurements are made it’s time to prepare the window opening for the new frame. This involves removing any existing trim, and scraping down the surfaces for any damaged or missing materials. This process is especially important if your home is in a historic district or has been recently restored. This is why it’s so important to work with a professional who can manage the details and timelines for your project.

When the opening is prepared it’s time to install the window. A high-quality installer will place a tarp over any areas of the house where they will be working and use smaller nails to reduce debris and potential damage during the installation. They should also clean up and vacuum the work area on a regular basis throughout construction. This is one of the most noticeable traits of a high-quality contractor who takes pride in their workmanship and cares about your property.

The window is set into the opening and a level is used to ensure that it is plumb and square. Depending on your window style, it may also need to be installed with shims underneath so that the sill is level and the weeping system drains correctly. A good contractor will never put holes in a new window or run fasteners through the bottom of the frame as this can cause moisture and air leakage problems down the line.